Dilute Nitride Semiconductors

by: Mohamed Henini

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Book Description:
# This book contains full account of the advances made in the dilute nitrides, providing an excellent starting point for workers entering the field. # It gives the reader easier access and better evaluation of future trends, Conveying important results and current ideas # Includes a generous list of references at the end of each chapter, providing a useful reference to the III-V-N based semiconductors research community. The high speed lasers operating at wavelength of 1.3 m and 1.55 m are very important light sources in optical communications since the optical fiber used as a transport media of light has dispersion and attenuation minima, respectively, at these wavelengths. These long wavelengths are exclusively made of InP-based material InGaAsP/InP. However, there are several problems with this material system. Therefore, there has been considerable effort for many years to fabricate long wavelength laser structures on other substrates, especially GaAs. The manufacturing costs of GaAs-based components are lower and the processing techniques are well developed. In 1996 a novel quaternary material GaInAsN was proposed which could avoid several problems with the existing technology of long wavelength lasers. In this book, several leaders in the field of dilute nitrides will cover the growth and processing, experimental characterization, theoretical understanding, and device design and fabrication of this recently developed class of semiconductor alloys. They will review their current status of research and development. Dilute Nitrides (III-N-V) Semiconductors: Physics and Technology organises the most current available data, providing a ready source of information on a wide range of topics, making this book essential reading for all post graduate students, researchers and practitioners in the fields of Semiconductors and Optoelectronics.
Collection name: Electronics & Electrical
Table of Contents
* Cover
* Frontmatter
o Half Title Page
o Copyright
o Title Page
o Copyright
o Preface
o Contents
* Chapter 1. MBE Growth and Characterization of Long Wavelength Dilute Nitride III V Alloys
o 1.1. INTRODUCTION
o 1.2. MBE GROWTH OF DILUTE III V NITRIDES
o 1.3. DILUTE NITRIDE CHARACTERIZATION
o 1.4. ENERGY BAND AND CARRIER TRANSPORT PROPERTIES
o 1.5. ANNEALING AND N In NEAREST NEIGHBOR EFFECTS
o 1.6. SUMMARY
o ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
o REFERENCES
* Chapter 2. Epitaxial Growth of Dilute Nitrides by Metal-Organic Vapour Phase Epitaxy
o 2.1. INTRODUCTION
o 2.2. EPITAXIAL GROWTH OF GaInAsN-BASED STRUCTURES
o 2.3. LONG WAVELENGTH GaAs-BASED LASER PERFORMANCES
o 2.4. CONCLUSION
o ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
o REFERENCES
* Chapter 3. The Chemical Beam Epitaxy of Dilute Nitride Alloy Semiconductors
o 3.1. INTRODUCTION TO DILUTE NITRIDE SEMICONDUCTORS
o 3.2. THE CHEMICAL BEAM EPITAXIAL/METALORGANIC MOLECULAR BEAM EPITAXIAL (CBE/MOMBE) GROWTH PROCESS
o 3.3. CBE OF DILUTE NITRIDE SEMICONDUCTORS
o 3.4. FUNDAMENTAL STUDIES OF GaNxAs(1-x) BAND STRUCTURE
o 3.5. THE COMPOSITIONS AND PROPERTIES OF DILUTE NITRIDES GROWN BY CBE
o 3.6. CBE-GROWN DILUTE NITRIDE DEVICES
o 3.7. THE POTENTIAL FOR PRODUCTION CBE OF DILUTE NITRIDES
o 3.8. CONCLUSIONS
o ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
o REFERENCES
* Chapter 4. MOMBE Growth and Characterization of III V-N Compounds and Application to InAs Quantum Dots
o ABSTRACT
o 4.1. INTRODUCTION
o 4.2. MOMBE GROWTH AND CHARACTERIZATION OF GaAsN
o 4.3. RELATION OF In AND N INCORPORATIONS IN THE GROWTH OF GaInNAs
o 4.4. GROWTH AND CHARACTERIZATION OF GaAsNSe NEW ALLOY
o 4.5. APPLICATION OF GaAsN TO InAs QUANTUM DOTS
o 4.6. SUMMARY
o ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
o REFERENCES
* Chapter 5. Recent Progress in Dilute Nitride Quantum Dots
o 5.1. SELF-ORGANIZED QUANTUM DOTS
o 5.2. DILUTE NITRIDE QUANTUM DOTS
o 5.3. RECENT EXPERIMENTAL PROGRESS IN GaInNAs QDs
o 5.4. OTHER KINDS OF DILUTE NITRIDE QDs
o 5.5. SUMMARY AND FUTURE CHALLENGES IN DILUTE NITRIDE QDs
o ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
o REFERENCES
* Chapter 6. Physics of Isoelectronic Dopants in GaAs
o 6.1. NITROGEN ISOELECTRONIC IMPURITIES
o 6.2. THE FAILURE OF THE VIRTUAL CRYSTAL APPROXIMATION
o 6.3. PREVALENT THEORETICAL MODELS ON DILUTE NITRIDES
o 6.4. ELECTROREFLECTANCE STUDY OF GaAsN
o 6.5. RESONANT RAMAN SCATTERING STUDY OF CONDUCTION BAND STATES
o 6.6. COMPATIBILITY WITH OTHER EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
o 6.7. A COMPLEMENTARY ALLOY: GaAsBi
o 6.8. SUMMARY
o 6.9. CONCLUSION
o REFERENCES
* Chapter 7. Measurement of Carrier Localization Degree, Electron Effective Mass, and Exciton Size in InxGa1 xAs1 yNy Alloys
o ABSTRACT
o 7.1. INTRODUCTION
o 7.2. EXPERIMENTAL
o 7.3. SINGLE CARRIER LOCALIZATION IN InxGa1 xAs1 yNy
o 7.4. MEASUREMENT OF THE ELECTRON EFFECTIVE MASS AND EXCITON WAVE FUNCTION SIZE
o 7.5. CONCLUSIONS
o ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
o REFERENCES
* Chapter 8. Probing the Unusual Band Structure of Dilute Ga(AsN) Quantum Wells by Magneto-Tunnelling Spectroscopy and Other Techniques
o 8.1. INTRODUCTION
o 8.2. RESONANT TUNNELLING DIODES BASED ON DILUTE NITRIDES
o 8.3. MAGNETO-TUNNELLING SPECTROSCOPY TO PROBE THE CONDUCTION BAND STRUCTURE OF DILUTE NITRIDES
o 8.4. ELECTRONIC PROPERTIES: FROM THE VERY DILUTE REGIME ( 0.1%) TO THE DILUTE REGIME
o 8.5. CONDUCTION IN DILUTE NITRIDES AND FUTURE PROSPECTS
o 8.6. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
o ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
o REFERENCES
* Chapter 9. Photo- and Electro-reflectance of III V-N Compounds and Low Dimensional Structures
o 9.1. PRINCIPLES OF ELECTROMODULATION IN ELECTRO- AND PHOTO-REFLECTANCE SPECTROSCOPY
o 9.2. BAND STRUCTURE OF (Ga,In)(As,Sb,N) BULK-LIKE LAYERS
o 9.3. (Ga,In)(As,Sb,N)-BASED QUANTUM WELL STRUCTURES
o 9.4. THE INFLUENCE OF POST-GROWN ANNEALING ON GaInNAs STRUCTURES
o 9.5. PHOTOREFLECTANCE INVESTIGATION OF THE EXCITON BINDING ENERGY
o 9.6. MANIFESTATION OF THE CARRIER LOCALIZATION EFFECT IN PHOTOREFLECTANCE SPECTROSCOPY
o REFERENCES
* Chapter 10. Band Anticrossing and Related Electronic Structure in III-N-V Alloys
o 10.1. INTRODUCTION
o 10.2. BAND ANTICROSSING MODEL
o 10.3. EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE OF BAND SPLITTING AND ANTICROSSING CHARACTERISTICS
o 10.4. NOVEL ELECTRONIC AND TRANSPORT PROPERTIES OF III-N-V ALLOYS
o 10.5. CONCLUSIONS
o ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
o REFERENCES
* Chapter 11. A Tight-binding Based Analysis of the Band Anti-Crossing Model and Its Application in Ga(In)NAs Alloys
o ABSTRACT
o 11.1. INTRODUCTION
o 11.2. NITROGEN RESONANT STATES IN ORDERED GaNxAs1 x STRUCTURES
o 11.3. ANALYTICAL MODEL FOR QUANTUM WELL CONFINED STATE ENERGIES AND DISPERSION
o 11.4. INFLUENCE OF DISORDER ON NITROGEN RESONANT STATES, E AND E IN GaNxAs1 x
o 11.5. CONDUCTION BAND STRUCTURE AND EFFECTIVE MASS IN DISORDERED GaNxAs1 x
o 11.6. ALLOY SCATTERING AND MOBILITY IN DILUTE NITRIDE ALLOYS
o 11.7. CONCLUSIONS
o ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
o REFERENCES
* Chapter 12. Electronic Structure Evolution of Dilute III V Nitride Alloys
o 12.1. INTRODUCTION
o 12.2. PHENOMENOLOGY OF DILUTE III V NITRIDES
o 12.3. EMPIRICAL PSEUDOPOTENTIAL METHODOLOGY
o 12.4. ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE EVOLUTION OF DILUTE NITRIDES
o 12.5. SUMMARY OF ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE EVOLUTION
o 12.6. PHENOMENOLOGY OF DILUTE NITRIDE QUATERNARIES
o 12.7. FUTURE CHALLENGES OF NEW NITRIDE MATERIALS
o 12.8. CONCLUSIONS
o ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
o REFERENCES
* Chapter 13. Theory of Nitrogen Hydrogen Complexes in N-containing III V Alloys
o 13.1. INTRODUCTION
o 13.2. THEORETICAL METHODS
o 13.3. N H COMPLEXES IN GaAsN ALLOYS
o 13.4. INTRINSIC N AND H IMPURITIES IN GaP AND GaAs
o 13.5. N H COMPLEXES IN InGaAsN
o 13.6. N H COMPLEXES IN GaPN
o 13.7. CONCLUSIONS
o REFERENCES
* Chapter 14. Dislocation-free III V-N Alloy Layers on Si Substrates and Their Device Applications
o ABSTRACT
o 14.1. INTRODUCTION
o 14.2. DISLOCATION GENERATION MECHANISMS IN LATTICE-MISMATCHED HETEROEPITAXY
o 14.3. LATTICE-MATCHED HETEROEPITAXY OF III V-N ALLOYS ON III V COMPOUND SEMICONDUCTORS
o 14.4. GROWTH OF DISLOCATION-FREE III V-N ALLOY LAYERS ON Si SUBSTRATES
o 14.5. DEVICE APPLICATIONS
o 14.6. SUMMARY
o ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
o REFERENCES
* Chapter 15. GaNAsSb Alloy and Its Potential for Device Applications
o ABSTRACT
o 15.1. INTRODUCTION
o 15.2. MBE OF THE GaNAsSb ALLOY
o 15.3. BANDS
o 15.4. ANNEALING EFFECT
o 15.5. QUINARY ALLOY
o 15.6. LONG-WAVELENGTH GaAs-BASED LASER
o 15.7. HBT
o 15.8. CONCLUSIONS
o ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
o REFERENCES
* Chapter 16. A Comparative Look at 1.3 m InGaAsN-based VCSELs for Fiber-optical Communication Systems
o ABSTRACT5
o 16.1. INTRODUCTION: 0.85 m VERSUS 1.3 m VCSELs
o 16.2. APPROACHES TO ACHIEVE 1.3 m VCSELs
o 16.3. 1.3 m VCSELs BASED ON InGaAsN
o 16.4. OUTLOOK
o 16.5. CONCLUSION
o ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
o REFERENCES
* Chapter 17. Long-wavelength Dilute Nitride Antimonide Lasers
o 17.1. INTRODUCTION
o 17.2. EPITAXIAL GROWTH SYSTEMS: MOVPE AND MBE
o 17.3. ION DAMAGE AND ANNEALING BEHAVIOR
o 17.4. GaInNAsSb EDGE-EMITTING LASERS
o 17.5. SPONTANEOUS EMISSION STUDIES
o 17.6. GaInNAsSb VCSELs
o 17.7. HIGH POWER LASERS BASED ON GaInNAs(Sb)
o 17.8. RELATIVE INTENSITY NOISE
o 17.9. GaInNAsSb ELECTROABSORPTION MODULATORS AND SATURABLE ABSORBERS
o 17.10. LASER RELIABILITY
o 17.11. SUMMARY
o ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
o REFERENCES
* Chapter 18. Application of Dilute Nitride Materials to Heterojunction Bipolar Transistors
o ABSTRACT
o 18.1. INTRODUCTION
o 18.2. DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR GaInNAs BASE HBTs
o 18.3. MATERIAL GROWTH AND DEVICE PROCESSING
o 18.4. GaInNAs HBT RESULTS
o 18.5. CIRCUIT APPLICATIONS FOR GaInNAs HBTs
o 18.6. FUTURE OUTLOOK
o ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
o REFERENCES
* Index

Extraction Techniques in Analytical Sciences (Analytical Techniques in the Sciences (AnTs) *)

by: John R. Dean

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This book covers one of the most important areas in analytical sciences, i.e. that of extraction techniques for organic compounds in environmental and related matrices, e.g. food. This text discusses all of the key stages for analysing a sample for organic compounds from the initial sampling protocols through to the range of different extraction techniques used for solid, liquid and air samples and finally through to the final chromatographic analysis. The text provides detailed information on specific extraction techniques to prepare samples for organic compound analysis.

The topics covered include the following:

• Initial steps for solid, aqueous and air sampling.
• Extraction techniques for aqueous samples, including LLE, purge and trap, SPE, SPME, SBSE, SDME, membrane microextraction and MEPS.
• Extraction techniques for solid samples, including Soxhlet, "Soxtec", shake-flask, sonication, PFE, MAE, SFE and MSPD.
• Extraction techniques for air sampling, including whole air, enrichment approaches and desorption techniques.
• Pre-concentration approaches for post-extraction.
• Practical aspects for chromatographic analysis (GC and HPLC) of organic compounds.
• Quality assurance aspects of analysis.
• Health and safety considerations.

Key features include the following:

• Up-to-date information on the latest development in extraction techniques for organic compounds in environmental and food matrices.
• Written in the AnTS style, it is ideal for use as a self-study guide, as the basis of a taught course or guided reading for new "early-career" researchers.
• Includes a resources section to guide the reader to other sources of information.

Extraction Techniques in Analytical Sciences should prove invaluable to students who are studying university-level courses – "undergraduate- to postgraduate-taught". The text will also prove invaluable as a key starting point for individuals undertaking applied research in the fields of analytical, bioanalytical, environmental and food sciences.

The Analytical Techniques in the Sciences series of books provides coverage of all of the major analytical techniques and their application in the most important areas of physical, life and material sciences. Each text is presented in an open learning/distance learning style, in which the learning objectives are clearly identified. The reader's understanding of the material is constantly evaluated by the use of self-assessment and discussion questions. Series Editor: David J. Ando

Aromatic Chemistry (Basic Concepts In Chemistry)

by: John D. Hepworth, David R. Waring, Michael J. Waring

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Aromatic Chemistry (Basic Concepts In Chemistry)
By John D. Hepworth, David R. Waring, Michael J. Waring

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• Publisher: Wiley-RSC
• Number Of Pages: 168
• Publication Date: 2003-12-05
• ISBN-10 / ASIN: 0471549312
• ISBN-13 / EAN: 9780471549314
• Binding: Paperback

---

Book Description:

This book provides an up-to-date and comprehensive account of aromatic chemistry. A series of chapters describes the synthesis and reactions of the major functional derivatives of benzene and the more common polycyclic systems. The concepts of aromaticity and the mechanism of aromatic substitution are discussed, as is the use of metals in the synthesis of aromatic compounds. Throughout, emphasis is placed on mechanisms. Worked problems and questions are provided to aid understanding.

In addition to providing material required by an undergraduate studying chemistry, Aromatic Chemistry is also ideal for industrial chemists seeking to update their knowledge of this important aspect of chemistry.

Amino Acids, Peptides and Proteins in Organic Chemistry: Volume 4 - Protection Reactions, Medicinal Chemistry, Combinatorial Synthesis (Amino Acids, Peptides and Proteins in Organic Chemistry (VCH))

Amino Acids, Peptides and Proteins in Organic Chemistry: Volume 4 - Protection Reactions, Medicinal Chemistry, Combinatorial Synthesis (Amino Acids, Peptides and Proteins in Organic Chemistry (VCH))

by: Andrew B. Hughes

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Closing a gap in the literature, this is the only book series in 6 volumes to cover this important topic in organic and biochemistry. Drawing upon the combined expertise of the international "who's who" in amino acid research, this series is a real benchmark for amino acid chemistry, providing a comprehensive discussion of the occurrence, uses and applications of amino acids and, by extension, their polymeric forms, peptides and proteins. The practical value of each volume is heightened by the inclusion of experimental procedures.
Volume 1: Origins and Synthesis of Amino Acids
Volume 2: Modifi ed Amino Acids, Organocatalysis and Enzymes
Volume 3: Building Blocks, Catalysis and Coupling Chemistry
Volume 4: Protection Reactions, Medicinal Chemistry, Combinatorial Synthesis
Volume 5: Analysis and Function of Amino Acids and Peptides
Volume 6: Peptide Natural Products and Amino Acid Chemistry Development
The fourth volume in this six-volume series is structured in three main sections. The first section is about protection reactions and amino acid based peptidomimetics. The second, and most extensive, part is devoted to the medicinal chemistry of amino acids. It includes, among others,
the chemistry of alpha- and beta amino acids, peptide drugs, and advances in N- and O-glycopeptide synthesis. The final part deals with amino acids in combinatorial synthesis. Methods, such as phage display, library peptide synthesis, and computational design are described.

Contents

List of Contributors.

1 Protection Reactions (Vommina V. Sureshbabu and Narasimhamurthy Narendra ).

1.1 General Considerations.

1.2 ^_α-Amino Protection (N^α Protection).

1.3 Carboxy Protection.

1.4 Side-Chain Protection.

1.5 Photocleavable Protections.

1.6 Conclusions.

1.7 Experimental Procedures.

References.

Part One Amino Acid-Based Peptidomimetics.

2 Huisgen Cycloaddition in Peptidomimetic Chemistry (Daniel Sejer Pedersen and Andrew David Abell ).

2.1 Introduction.

2.2 Huisgen [2 + 3] Cycloaddition Between Azides and Acetylenes.

2.3 Mechanistic Consideration for the Cu-Huisgen and Ru-Huisgen Cycloadditions.

2.4 Building Blocks for the Synthesis of Triazole-Modified Peptidomimetics.

2.5 Cyclic Triazole Peptidomimetics.

2.6 Acyclic Triazole Peptidomimetics.

2.7 Useful Experimental Procedures.

References.

3 Recent Advances in ß-Strand Mimetics (Wendy A. Loughlin and David P. Fairlie ).

3.1 Introduction.

3.2 Macrocyclic Peptidomimetics.

3.3 Acyclic Compounds.

3.4 Aliphatic and Aromatic Carbocycles.

3.5 Ligands Containing One Ring with One Heteroatom (N).

3.6 Ligands Containing One or Multiple Rings with One Heteroatom (O, S).

3.7 Ligands Containing One Ring with Two Heteroatoms (N,N).

3.8 Ligands Containing One Ring with Two Heteroatoms (N,S) or Three Heteroatoms (N,N,S or N,N,N).

3.9 Ligands Containing Two Rings with One Heteroatom (N or O).

3.10 Ligands Containing Two Rings with Two or Three Heteroatoms (N,N or N,S or N,N,N).

3.11 Conclusions.

References.

Part Two Medicinal Chemistry of Amino Acids.

4 Medicinal Chemistry of α-Amino Acids (Lennart Bunch and Povl Krogsgaard-Larsen ).

4.1 Introduction.

4.2 Glutamic Acid.

4.3 Conformational Restriction.

4.4 Bioisosterism,

4.5 Structure–Activity Studies.

4.6 Conclusions.

References.

5 Medicinal Chemistry of Alicyclic ß-Amino Acids (Nils Griebenow ).

5.1 Introduction.

5.2 Five-Membered Alicyclic ß-Amino Acids.

5.3 Six-Membered Alicyclic ß-Amino Acids.

References.

6 Medicinal Chemistry of a-Hydroxy-ß-Amino Acids (Zyta Ziora, Mariusz Skwarczynski, and Yoshiaki Kiso ).

6.1 Introduction.

6.2 α-Hydroxy-ß-Amino Acids.

6.3 Antibacterial Agents.

6.4 Inhibitors of Aminopeptidases.

6.5 Aspartyl Proteases Inhibitors.

6.6 Paclitaxel and its Derivatives.

References.

7 Peptide Drugs (Chiara Falciani, Alessandro Pini, and Luisa Bracci ).

7.1 Lights and Shades of Peptide and Protein Drugs.

7.2 Peptide Drugs Available on the Market.

7.3 Approved Peptides in Oncology.

7.4 Antimicrobial peptides.

7.5 Perspectives.

References.

8 Oral Bioavailability of Peptide and Peptidomimetic Drugs (Arik Dahan, Yasuhiro Tsume, Jing Sun, Jonathan M. Miller, and Gordon L. Amidon ).

8.1 Introduction.

8.2 Fundamental Considerations of Intestinal Absorption.

8.3 Barriers Limiting Oral Peptide/Peptidomimetic Drug Bioavailability.

8.4 Strategies to Improve Oral Bioavailability of Peptide-Based Drugs.

8.5 Conclusions.

References.

9 Asymmetric Synthesis of ß-Lactams via the Staudinger Reaction (Monika I. Konaklieva and Balbina J. Plotkin ).

9.1 Introduction.

9.2 Staudinger Reaction.

9.3 Influence of the Geometry of the Imine on Stereoselectivity in the Reaction.

9.4 Influence of the Polarity of the Solvent on Stereoselectivity of the Reaction.

9.5 Influence of the Isomerization of the Imine Prior to its Nucleophilic Attack onto the Ketene Stereoselectivity in the Reaction.

9.6 Influence of the Order of Addition of the Reactants to the Reaction.

9.7 Influence of Chiral Substituents on the Stereoselectivity of the Reaction.

9.8 Asymmetric Induction from the Imine Component.

9.9 Asymmetric Induction from the Ketene Component.

9.10 Double Asymmetric Cycloinduction.

9.11 Influence of Catalysts on the Stereoselectivity of the Reaction.

9.12 Conclusions.

References.

10 Advances in N- and O-Glycopeptide Synthesis – A Tool to Study Glycosylation and Develop New Therapeutics (Ulrika Westerlind and Horst Kunz ).

10.1 Introduction.

10.2 Synthesis of O-Glycopeptides.

10.3 Synthesis of N-Glycopeptides.

References.

11 Recent Developments in Neoglycopeptide Synthesis (Margaret A. Brimble, Nicole Miller, and Geoffrey M. Williams ).

11.1 Introduction.

11.2 Neoglycoside and Neoglycopeptide Synthesis.

11.3 Protein Side-Chain Modifications.

11.4 Cu(I)-Catalyzed Azide–Alkyne ‘‘Click’’ Cycloaddition.

11.5 Cross-Metathesis.

11.6 Application of Neoglycopeptides as Synthetic Vaccines.

11.7 Enzymatic, Molecular, and Cell Biological Techniques.

References.

Part Three Amino Acids in Combinatorial Synthesis.

12 Combinatorial/Library Peptide Synthesis (Michal Lebl ).

12.1 Introduction.

12.2 High-Throughput Synthesis of Peptides.

12.3 Synthesis of Peptide Arrays.

12.4 Peptide Libraries.

12.5 Future of Peptide Libraries.

12.6 Synthetic Protocols.

References.

13 Phage-Displayed Combinatorial Peptides (Renhua Huang, Kritika Pershad, Malgorzata Kokoszka, and Brian K. Kay ).

13.1 Introduction.

13.2 Conclusions.

References.

14 Designing New Proteins (Michael I. Sadowski and James T. MacDonald ).

14.1 Introduction.

14.2 Protein Design Methods.

14.3 Protocol for Protein Design.

14.4 Conclusions.

References.

15 Amino Acid-Based Dendrimers (Zhengshuang Shi, Chunhui Zhou, Zhigang Liu, Filbert Totsingan, and Neville R. Kallenbach ).

15.1 Introduction.

15.2 Peptide Dendrimer Synthesis: Divergent and Convergent Approaches.

15.3 Applications of Peptide Dendrimers.

15.4 Conclusions.

References.

Index.

Junhua Tao, Romas Joseph Kazlauskas, "Biocatalysis for Green Chemistry and Chemical Process Development"
W,..y | 2011 | ISBN: 0470437782 | 496 pages | PDF | 10,1 MB

Biocatalysis for Green Chemistry and Chemical Process Development offers an exciting alternative to today's complex, multidisciplinary approach to green chemistry by focusing exclusively on the most potent weapon in this field's arsenal—biocatalysis. In-depth coverage details the technological advances being made in biocatalysis-driven green syntheses of industrially important molecules, as well as how these advances show great promise in streamlining current chemical processes for reducing or eliminating hazardous substances. In addition, coverage of the biotechnological production of pharmaceuticals (small molecules, natural products and biologics), flavors, fragrance and cosmetics, fine chemicals, and more underscore the book's main goal of facilitating industrial applications of this powerful and pioneering green technology. Highlights include:
A variety of case studies, not only in pharmaceuticals and fine chemicals, but also specialty and bulk chemicals and polymers
A comprehensive overview of green chemistry applications of enzyme-driven transformations for a wide range of industries
A look at the application of biocatalysis across a wide range of chemical manufacturing fields, and why it is a good sustainable manufacturing option
Biocatalysis is emerging as a transformational technology uniquely suited to deliver green chemistry solutions for safer, efficient, and more cost-effective chemical synthesis. Biocatalysis for Green Chemistry and Chemical Process Development serves a key role in promoting this significant and potentially world-changing technology—and offers valuable perspective on achieving widespread sustainable industrial practices.

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The Art of Process Chemistry

Nobuyoshi Yasuda, "The Art of Process Chemistry".
Publisher: Wiley-VCH | ISBN 10: 3527324704 | 2010 | PDF | 298 pages | 2.1 MB

Providing must-have knowledge for the pharmaceutical industry and process chemists in industry, this ready reference offers solutions for saving time and money and supplying -- in a sustainable way -- valuable products. Application-oriented and well structured, each chapter presents successful strategies for the latest modern drugs, showing how to provide very fast bulk quantities of drug candidates. Throughout, the text illustrates how all the key factors are interwoven and dependent on one another in creating optimized methods for optimal products.

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Chemistry for Engineering Students (2nd Edition)

 

Chemistry for Engineering Students (2nd Edition).
Brooks Cole | ISBN : 143904791X | January 1, 2010 | 614 pages | PDF | 13MB

Enhanced with a remarkable number of new problems and applications, the Second Edition of Chemistry for Engineering Students provides a concise, thorough, and relevant introduction to chemistry that prepares students for further study in any engineering field. Updated with even more questions and applications specifically geared toward engineering students, the book emphasizes the connection between molecular properties and observable physical properties and the connections between chemistry and other subjects studied by engineering students, such as mathematics and physics. This new edition is now fully supported by OWL, the most widely-used online learning system for chemistry.

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Indians are Hobbesian.(culture of self interest)

Must Read !

Indians are Hobbesian.(culture of self interest)

Corruption in India  is a cultural aspect.
Indians seem to think nothing peculiar about corruption .
It is everywhere.
Indians tolerate corrupt individuals rather than correct them.
No race can be congenitally corrupt.
But can a race be corrupted by its culture?
To know why Indians are corrupt ,
look at their patterns and practices .
First:
Religion is transactional in India .
Indians give God cash and anticipate an out-of-turn reward.
Such a plea acknowledges that favours are needed for the undeserving.
In the world outside the temple walls, 
such a transaction is named- “bribe”.
A wealthy Indian gives not cash to temples,
but gold crowns and such baubles.
His gifts can not feed the poor. His pay-off is for God.
He thinks it will be wasted if it goes to a needy man.
In June 2009, The Hindu published a report of Karnataka minister
G. Janardhan Reddy gifting a crown of gold and diamonds worth
Rs 45 crore to Tirupati.
India’s temples collect so much that
they don't know what to do with it.
Billions are gathering dust in temple vaults.
When Europeans came to India  they built schools.
When Indians go to Europe & USA, they build temples.
Indians believe that if God accepts money for his favours,
then nothing is wrong in doing the same thing.
This is why Indians are so easily corruptible.
Indian culture accommodates such transactions morally.
There is no real stigma. An utterly corrupt Jaya Lalita can
make a comeback, just unthinkable in the West.
Second -
Indian moral ambiguity towards corruption is visible in its history.
Indian history tells of the capture of cities and kingdoms after guards
were paid off to open the gates, and commanders paid off to surrender.
This is unique to India .
Indians' corrupt nature has meant limited warfare on the subcontinent.
It is striking how little Indians have actually fought compared to
ancient Greece and modern Europe .
The Turks’ battles with Nadir Shah were vicious and fought to the finish.
In India fighting wasn't needed, bribing was enough to see off armies.
Any invader willing to spend cash could brush aside India ’s kings,
no matter how many tens of thousands soldiers were  in their infantry.
Little resistance was given by the Indians at the “ Battle ” of Plassey.
Clive paid off Mir Jaffar and all of Bengal folded to an army of 3,000.
There was always a financial exchange to taking Indian forts.
Golconda was captured in 1687 after the secret back door was left open.
Mughals vanquished Marathas and Rajputs with nothing but bribes.
The Raja of Srinagar gave up Dara Shikoh’s son Sulaiman to
Aurangzeb after receiving a bribe.
There are many cases where Indians participated
on a large scale in treason due to bribery.
Question is: Why Indians have a transactional culture while
other 'civilized' nations don't?
Third -
Indians do not believe in the theory that they all can rise
if each of them behaves morally, because that is not
the message of their faith.
Their caste system separates them.
They don't believe that all men are equal.
This resulted in their division and migration to other religions .
Many Hindus started their own faith like Sikh, Jain, Buddha 
and many converted to Christianity and Islam.
The result is that Indians don't trust one another .
There are no Indians in India ,there are
Hindus ,Christians, Muslims and what not.

Indians forget that 400 years ago they all belonged to one faith.
This division evolved an unhealthy culture.
The inequality has resulted in a corrupt society,
In India every one is thus against everyone else,
except God ­ and even he must be bribed.

Professional Cooking (Unbranded), College Version, 6th Edition

Wayne Gisslen, "Professional Cooking (Unbranded), College Version, 6th Edition"
W..ey Publishing | 2006 | ISBN: 0471959464, 0471663743 | 1088 pages | PDF | 40 MB

Wayne Gisslen's Professional Cooking has helped train hundreds of thousands of professional chefs. With clear, in-depth instruction on the cooking theories and techniques successful chefs need to meet the demands of the professional kitchen. Now, with 1,100 recipes and more information than ever before, this beautifully revised and updated 6th Edition helps culinary students and aspiring chefs gain the tools and confidence they need to succeed as they build their careers in one of the fastest growing and exciting fields today.
Key features of this new 6th Edition include:
* Over 100 new, fully tested recipes
* A brand new chapter on vegetarian cuisine, featuring different types of vegetarian diets
* Expanded and updated information, such as a con-temporary look at presenting and garnishing food and a detailed history of modern food service
* Nearly 1,200 illustrations--including over 200 new photographs--highlight ingredients, step-by-step techniques, and plated dishes in splendid visual detail
* Completely revised, updated, and expanded vegetable chapters feature additional product identification and cooking techniques, as well as new recipes
* Revised and expanded Nutrition chapter features the new USDA nutritional guidelines
* Stunning new design--helpful sidebars and dedicated chapters on menus, recipes, and cost managemen
* cooking with legumes, grains, and pastas; breakfast preparation; dairy; and beverages
* New culinarE-Companion recipe management software features user-friendly navigation and robust content

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Organisation Behaviour

Organisation Behaviour
Publisher: New Age Publications (Academic) | 2007 | ISBN: 8122415504 | 326 pages | PDF | 12,23 MB

Organization Behaviour-Text and Cases including Internet Exercise provides the most contemporary topics and examples and is comprehensive in its presentation of research and practical advice for managers. This book opens with the appropriate background on current practices of people and organization behaviour and then flows from micro and macro concepts like 'e' organization, virtual team, empowerment, emerging issues, indigenisation of western management, Potential Performance Programming and Developmental thinking.
Apart from providing live cases and Internet assignments the book provides an opportunity to acquire the skills and aptitude to become good manager by applying Test Yourself at the end of every chapters. The book substantially contributes to the main stream of knowledge in OB and attends all the vital facets of emerging concepts with clarity and perspicacity. The book will provide invaluable to the students of management HR professionals, Corporate executives and CEO`s.

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